In new CBME program, competency map has been provided by NMC for each subject. Competency map in the tabular format with reference to chapter and page number and citation of competency code inside the relevant places in text, have been provided in this new edition. Clinical application and applied aspects have been made more updated and revised. More numbers of ‘Clinical Notes’ and ‘Important Notes’ have been added to this edition, to make the student understand the physiological basis of clinical applications in medicine.